"The Sparrows" is a powerful short story written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, widely known as K.A. Abbas. Originally published in Urdu and later translated into English, the story became one of Abbas’s most celebrated works and was included in the West German Anthology. Written when the author was just 26 years old, The Sparrows tells the story of Rahim Khan, a gruff and isolated peasant whose life is transformed through an unexpected act of kindness. The story beautifully captures themes of redemption, change, and the healing power of compassion. Through simple yet evocative storytelling, Abbas portrays the struggles of rural life while delivering a heartfelt message about how even the hardest hearts can soften under the influence of love and care.
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Original Text of the story
The sun was setting behind the mango tree which fringed the western extremity of the village when Rahim Khan returned from the fields. Broad and strong despite his fifty odd years, with the plough on his shoulders, and driving his two oxen, he walked through the main street of the village with a haughty and unfriendly air. As he approached the chaupal where a dozen or so peasants were collected for their evening smoke, the hilarious tones of gossip died down to cautious whispers.
It was only when he had vanished round the corner and the heavy tread of his footsteps was heard no more that Kallu, passing the communal hookah to another, remarked, ‘There goes the hard-hearted devil!’ To which Nanha, the fat sweet-seller, added, ‘He is getting worse every day. Only yesterday he beat poor Ramoo’s child for throwing a pebble at his oxen.’ Ramnath, the officious Zaildar, volunteered further details of Rahim Khan’s recent cruelties. ‘And the other day he very nearly killed my mare for straying into his field.’ The Zaildar, of course, thought it quite irrelevant to mention that the straying of his mare had been specially planned by his own mischievous sons.
The old grey-haired Patel was, as usual, the last to open his toothless mouth. And as usual, his words were prefaced by a pious invocation to the Almighty. ‘Hare Ram! Hare Ram!’ he muttered, ‘I have never seen such a cruel man. He has compassion neither for the child nor for the helpless animal. No wonder his own sons have run away from home.’
The subject of their conversation, meanwhile, had reached his hut which, almost symbolically, stood gaunt and aloof, at a distance from the neighbouring cluster of houses. Leaning the plough up against the low wall of his house, he proceeded to tie the oxen to a pair of big wooden stakes embedded in the ground just in front of his doorway.
‘Bhai Rahim Khan!’ an obsequious voice said behind him as he was about to enter the house.
‘What is it?’ he gruffly queried, turning round to address the old woman who had come out of the house nearest his own. As she hesitated to speak he fired a volley of questions. ‘What is it? I won’t eat you. Why don’t you speak, woman? Has your son been arrested again for revenue arrears or has your daughter-in-law delivered another baby?’
As he stopped for breath, the woman summoned up all her courage to utter two words, ‘Your wife …’
‘… has run away!’ he completed the sentence with a grin which broadened with the realization that he had guessed right.
‘No, no,’ the woman hastily explained with an apologetic look, as if she herself were responsible for his wife’s absence. ‘She has gone to her brother at Nurpur and will be back in a few days.’
‘Bah!’ he flung back at her, opening the door. He knew that his wife would never come back.
Seething with inward wrath he entered the dark hut and sat down on the charpoy. A cat mewed in a corner. Finding no one else on whom to vent his anger he flung it out, slamming the door with violence.
There was no one to give him water to wash his dust- laden feet and hands, no one to give him supper, no one whom he could curse and beat. Rahim Khan felt uncomfortable and unhappy. He had always been angry with his wife when she was there, but her absence angered him still more.
‘So she’s gone,’ he mused, lying down on the cot, having decided to go to sleep without his food. During the thirty years of their married life he had always felt that she would leave him one day; at one time, he had even hoped she would. Six years ago, his eldest son Bundu had run away from home because of a more than usually severe beating.
Three years later, the younger one, Nuru, joined his brother. Since that day, Rahim Khan felt sure his wife, too, would run away to her brother’s house. But now that she had gone, he felt unhappy – not sorry, no, for he had never loved his wife – but only uncomfortable, as if a necessary piece of furniture had been removed. With her gone, on whom could he shower the outpourings of an embittered heart.
For thirty years his wife had been both the symbol and target of all his grievances against family, against society, against life.
As a youth there had been none in the village to beat him in feats of athletic skill – in wrestling, in kabadi, in diving from the canal bridge. He had loved a girl, and had wanted to join a touring circus which happened to pass through the village. In the circus, he had felt, lay the key to his ambitions – a career after his own heart – travel – fame. And in Radha, the daughter of Ram Charan, the village baniya, he thought he had found his soulmate. He had first noticed her watching him at a wrestling match and it had been the greatest moment of his life when, standing up – after vanquishing his adversary – he found Radha looking at him with the light of love in her eyes. After that there had been a few brief and furtive meetings when the unlettered but romantic youth had declared his love in passionate though halting words. But his parents had killed both the ambitions. Circus work was too lowly and immoral for a respectable peasant. Anyway, his father, grandfather and all his ancestors had tilled the land, so he too had to do it. As for marrying Radha, a Hindu, a Kafir, the very idea was infamous, and irreligious.
For some time, Rahim Khan, with youthful resentment, toyed with the idea of open rebellion. But the tradition of centuries of serfdom ran in his blood and, however indignant he might have felt at his father’s severity, he could not summon enough courage to defy parental authority and social traditions. After a few days, the circus left the village without Rahim Khan, and the furtive romance with Radha too came to an abrupt end. Rahim Khan’s father slyly suggested to Ram Charan that his daughter was now fifteen and ought to have been married long ago, not failing to hint at the disastrous consequences of late marriages. Within a few weeks Radha was married to Ram Lal, a middle-aged, pot- bellied baniya of the neighbouring village. With a few sad tears shed in the solitude of the night in memory of her hopeless romance with Rahim Khan, she quickly reconciled herself to her fate and proceeded forthwith to be the mother of half-a-dozen children.
Rahim Khan also married. He had, of course, no choice in the matter. His parents selected the girl, fixed the date, ordered some gaudy clothes for him and some silver ornaments for his bride, sat him on a horse and, to the beat of a brass band, took him to the girl’s house where the nikah was duly performed. To the Kazi’s formal questions Rahim Khan mechanically nodded his head. Any other course was impossible. Nobody, of course, cared to ask the girl who sat huddled in a dark room only dimly conscious of the fate to which she had been condemned. After the ceremony, Rahim Khan’s father, in a mood of self-congratulation, boasted to his wife: ‘See how meekly he obeyed me. You always feared he might refuse to fall in with our arrangements. I know these youngsters. They are apt to be restless if their marriage is delayed. That is why our fathers believed in marrying away their children early. Now he will be all right!’
At that very moment, standing on the threshold of the room where his wife awaited him much as a sheep awaits the butcher, Rahim Khan made a terrible resolve to avenge himself on his parents, his family, on society. He held them all responsible for the frustration of his life’s dreams. And in his confused, illogical mind he regarded his bride as the symbol of the persecution to which he had been subjected. On her he would wreak his vengeance. Iron entered his hitherto kindly soul as he rudely pushed open the door.
That was thirty years ago, Rahim Khan reflected as he lay there on his cot in the dark hut. And hadn’t he had his revenge? For thirty years he had ill-treated his wife, his children and his bullocks, quarrelled with everyone in the village and made himself the most hated person in the whole community. The thought of being so universally detested gave him grim satisfaction.
No one in the village, of course, understood or tried to understand the reason for this strange transformation of the cheerful and kind young man into the beast that he had become. At first, their attitude towards him was one of astonished hostility, but later it changed to indifference mingled with fear. Of understanding and sympathy he received none. Shunned by everyone, with a bitterness ever gnawing at his heart, Rahim Khan sought consolation in the unquestioned authority over his wife which society allowed him.
For thirty years his wife had submitted to his persecution with the slave-like docility that is the badge of her tribe.
Lately, indeed, she had become so used to corporal chastisement that it seemed unnatural if a whole week passed without a beating. To Rahim Khan beating his wife had become a part of his very existence. As sleep gathered round him, his last thought was whether he would be able to endure a life without having an opportunity of indulging in what had now become his second nature. It was perhaps the only moment when Rahim Khan had a feeling, not exactly of affection for his wife, but of loneliness without her. Never before had he realized how much the woman he hated was a part of his life. When he woke it was already late forenoon and he started the day by cursing his wife, for it was she who used to wake him up early every morning. But he was in no great hurry today. Lazily, he got up and after his ablutions, milked the goat for his breakfast which consisted of the remains of the previous day’s chapattis soaked in fresh milk. Then he sat down for a smoke, with his beloved hookah beside him. Now the hut was warm and alight with the rays of the sun streaming in through the open window. In a corner they revealed some cobwebs and, having already decided to absent himself from his fields, he thought he would tidy his hut. Tying some rags to the end of the long pole, he was about to remove the cobwebs when he saw a nest in the thatched roof. Two sparrows were fluttering in and out, twittering constantly.
His first impulse was to wreck the nest with one stroke of his pole but something within him made him desist. Throwing down the pole, he brought a stool and climbed upon it to get a better view of the sparrows’ home. Two little featherless mites of red flesh, baby sparrows, hardly a day old, lay inside, while their parents hovered round Rahim Khan’s face, screaming threateningly. He barely had a glimpse of the inside of the nest when the mother sparrow attacked him.
‘Oh damn, you vixen, you might have plucked out my eye,’ exclaimed Rahim Khan with his characteristic hollow laugh and climbed down from his perch. He was strongly amused by the little birds’ heroic efforts to save their home and children. The sparrow nest suffered no harm that day and peace reigned in Rahim Khan’s hut.
Next day he resumed his daily work. Still, no one talked to him in the village. From morning till late in the afternoon he would toil in the field, ploughing furrow and watering the crops, but he returned home before sunset. Then he would lie on his cot, smoking his hookah and watching with lively interest the antics of the sparrow family. The two little ones had now grown into fine young birds and he called them Nuru and Bundu after his lost sons whom he had not seen for several years. The four sparrows were his only friends in the world. His neighbours were still frightened of him and regarded his recent peaceful behaviour with suspicion. They were genuinely astonished that for some time no one had seen him beating his bullocks. Nathoo and Chhidoo themselves were happy and grateful and their bruised bodies had almost healed.
One monsoon evening, when the sky was overcast with threatening clouds, Rahim Khan returned from the fields a little earlier than usual. He found a group of children playing on the road. They ran away as they saw him, and even left their shoes behind in their haste. In vain did Rahim Khan shout, ‘Why are you running away? I am not going to beat you.’ Meanwhile, it had started drizzling and he hurried homewards to tie up his bullocks before the big downpour came.
Entering his hut, Rahim Khan lighted the earthenware oil lamp and placed some crumbs of bread for the sparrows before he prepared his own dinner. ‘Oh Nuru, oh Bundu,’ he shouted but the sparrows did not come out. Anxious to find out what had happened to his friends, he peered into the nest and found the quartet scared and sitting huddled up within their feathers. At the very spot where the nest lay, the roof was leaking. Rahim Khan took a ladder and went out in the pouring rain to repair the damage. By the time the job was satisfactorily done he was thoroughly drenched. As he sat on the cot, Rahim Khan sneezed but he did not heed the warning and went to sleep. Next morning he awoke with high fever.
When the villagers did not see him going to the fields for several days they grew anxious and some of them came to see what the matter was. Through a crack in the door they saw him talking, they thought to himself. ‘Oh Bundu, oh Nuru, who will feed you when I am gone?’
The peasants shook their heads sympathetically. ‘Poor fellow,’ they said, ‘he has gone mad. We will send for his wife to look after him.’
Next morning, when Rahim Khan’s wife, anxious and weeping, came with her sons, a group of neighbours collected in sympathy. The door was locked from the inside and in spite of loud knocking no one opened. When they broke their way in they found the large and gaunt frame of Rahim Khan lying in the brooding silence of the room, broken only by the fluttering of four sparrows.
Hindi Translation
Exercise Questions
1. Who is Rahim Khan, and how is he described at the beginning of the story?
Rahim Khan is an old, lonely man who lives in a small village. At the beginning of the story, he is described as bitter, angry, and hostile. He does not talk to anyone and lives in isolation.
2. What was Rahim Khan’s relationship with his family and villagers?
Rahim Khan had a strained relationship with both his family and the villagers. His family left him due to his harsh and unkind nature. The villagers avoided him because of his rude and aggressive behavior.
3. Why do you think Rahim Khan was bitter and hostile towards others at the beginning of the story?
Rahim Khan was bitter and hostile because he had been abandoned by his family. He felt lonely and unloved, which made him angry at the world. His past experiences had turned him into a cold and unfriendly person.
4. How do the sparrows enter Rahim Khan’s life?
One day, Rahim Khan notices sparrows flying into his house and building their nest. At first, he does not care about them, but over time, he starts observing them closely.
5. What does Rahim Khan do when he realizes the sparrows depend on him?
When Rahim Khan realizes that the sparrows rely on him for food, he starts feeding them regularly. This responsibility gives him a sense of purpose, and he begins to feel less lonely.
6. How do the sparrows affect Rahim Khan’s attitude and emotions?
The sparrows bring a change in Rahim Khan’s behavior. Their presence in his house makes him feel less lonely. Over time, he grows fond of them, feeds them, and finds comfort in their company. They help soften his heart and bring warmth to his life.
7. How does Rahim Khan's behavior change towards the end of the story?
By the end of the story, Rahim Khan becomes more caring and emotional. He no longer feels as bitter and isolated as before. His attachment to the sparrows brings warmth and compassion back into his life.
8. What message does the story convey about loneliness and companionship?
The story shows that loneliness can make a person bitter, but companionship— even from small creatures like sparrows— can bring joy and emotional healing. Love and care can change a person’s heart.
9. What role do the sparrows play in Rahim Khan’s transformation?
The sparrows play a crucial role in Rahim Khan’s transformation. They break his cycle of loneliness and help him rediscover kindness and love. Their presence brings meaning to his life and changes him for the better.
Long Answer type Questions
1. Do you think Rahim Khan’s actions towards the sparrows can be extended to his relationships with people? Why or why not?
Rahim Khan’s actions towards the sparrows reflect his ability to change and rediscover kindness. His initial bitterness was a result of loneliness and past experiences, which made him hostile toward people. However, when the sparrows enter his life, they unknowingly become a source of comfort. His act of feeding and caring for them shows that deep down, he is capable of love and warmth.
This transformation suggests that if given the opportunity, Rahim Khan could also rebuild his relationships with people. If he can care for the birds selflessly, he might be able to extend that same compassion toward human relationships. However, there is also the possibility that he finds it easier to care for birds because they do not judge or abandon him as people did in the past. Trusting people again might require more effort and willingness from his side.
Overall, Rahim Khan’s changed behavior indicates that he has the potential to mend relationships with others, but it would depend on his willingness to open his heart and whether his family and villagers are ready to accept him again.
2. Imagine Rahim Khan decides to reconcile with his family after his transformation. Write a letter he might send to his family.
Dear [Family Member’s Name],
I hope this letter finds you in good health and happiness. It has been a long time since we last spoke, and I do not know if you would even want to hear from me. But today, I write not as the angry and bitter man you once knew, but as someone who has realized the true meaning of companionship and love.
For years, I lived in isolation, believing that I did not need anyone. I blamed the world for my loneliness, but I now understand that it was my own actions that drove you away. Recently, a small group of sparrows found their way into my home. At first, I ignored them, but over time, I found myself caring for them. They relied on me for food and shelter, and in return, they filled my silent home with life and warmth.
It made me realize how much I miss having people around. I miss the laughter, the love, and even the little arguments that make a family. I now understand that my anger only pushed away those who truly cared for me. I do not know if I deserve forgiveness, but I want you to know that I am truly sorry.
If you can find it in your heart to forgive me, I would love to see you again. If not, I will understand. But please know that my doors, once closed in anger, are now open with hope.
With love and regret,
Rahim Khan
3. How does the setting of the story reflect Rahim Khan’s personality?
The setting of the story plays a crucial role in reflecting Rahim Khan’s emotions and personality. In the beginning, his house is described as dark, lonely, and lifeless, much like his own existence. It lacks warmth and companionship, symbolizing his emotional isolation. He has no visitors, no relationships, and no one to care for him.
As the sparrows enter his home, the setting begins to change. The house, which was once silent, now echoes with chirping sounds. The presence of the birds adds life to his surroundings, just as they bring warmth to his heart. His once rigid and lifeless world starts to soften, mirroring his transformation.
By the end of the story, the setting is no longer just a representation of his loneliness but also of his redemption. The sparrows’ presence turns his house into a place of care and comfort, just as they transform Rahim Khan’s heart. This connection between the setting and his personality highlights the deep impact of change and emotional healing.
4. What does the story suggest about the power of small acts of kindness?
The story suggests that even the smallest acts of kindness have the potential to bring about significant change. Rahim Khan’s journey from bitterness to compassion begins with something as simple as feeding the sparrows. This small act gradually transforms his heart, helping him overcome years of loneliness and anger.
It shows that kindness is not always about grand gestures; sometimes, it is about caring for those who need us, even if they are just tiny birds. The sparrows do not ask for much—just food and a safe place to stay—but in giving them this, Rahim Khan unknowingly heals his own soul.
The story also implies that kindness can be a two-way process. While Rahim Khan provides food and shelter for the birds, they, in turn, give him companionship and a sense of purpose. This highlights how acts of kindness not only help others but also bring joy and meaning to the one who gives.
Ultimately, the story encourages readers to believe in the power of simple, heartfelt gestures, as they have the ability to change lives.
5. If Rahim Khan had treated people the way he treated the sparrows, how might his life have been different?
If Rahim Khan had shown the same kindness and care toward people as he did toward the sparrows, his life would have been completely different. Instead of living in isolation, he might have had a loving family and supportive friends. His anger and bitterness pushed people away, but if he had chosen compassion earlier, he could have built stronger relationships.
The story shows that Rahim Khan is capable of love, but he realizes it too late. If he had extended that love to his family and the villagers, they might not have abandoned him. He could have found joy and fulfillment in human connections rather than just in the company of birds.
At the same time, the story suggests that redemption is always possible. Even though Rahim Khan spent most of his life in anger, the sparrows give him a second chance to experience warmth and care. This raises an important message: it is never too late to change, and even the most hardened hearts can learn to love again.
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